False. Robert Hooke observed dead cork cells. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells, which he called 'animalcules'.
False. This is not a tenet of the Cell Theory. Prokaryotic cells, for example, do not have a nucleus. The theory states that all life is made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from other cells.
True. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, and their circular DNA is located in the nucleoid region.
True. The cell wall is a rigid outer layer in plant cells composed mainly of cellulose, providing structural support.
False. Lysosomes are the 'recycling centers' that break down waste. The mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' that generate ATP.
False. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
False. Osmosis is the passive transport (diffusion) of water across a membrane and does not require energy.
True. The Golgi apparatus functions like a 'post office' for the cell, processing materials from the ER.
False. It is called 'rough' because it is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis. The Smooth ER is responsible for detoxification.
True. In a hypotonic solution, water rushes into the animal cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst because it lacks a cell wall.
Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to the Cell Theory, stating 'Omnis cellula e cellula' (all cells arise from pre-existing cells).
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell because they are the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport, much like a post office.
Plant cells have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane for support, while animal cells do not.
Phagocytosis, or 'cell eating', is a type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large solid particles.
The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the cell membrane as a flexible layer of phospholipids with various proteins embedded or floating within it.
Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.
Prokaryotic cells are defined by their simplicity and lack of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell, causing water to leave the cell and making it shrink.
Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for the green color of plants and is crucial for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis.
The Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes, is involved in synthesizing lipids, detoxifying harmful substances, and storing calcium.
Active transport is the only process that moves substances against their concentration gradient, and it requires energy (ATP).
The large central vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste, and the pressure of the water inside (turgor pressure) helps support the plant cell.
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein fibers that acts as the cell's internal skeleton.
The nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and assembled into ribosomal subunits.
Exocytosis is the process of bulk transport where a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to release its contents outside the cell.
Proteins are synthesized on the Rough ER, then sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and packaging before export.
Osmosis is the term that specifically describes the passive movement of water across a membrane.
Of the options listed, only ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis) are found in all cell types, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Plasmolysis occurs in plant cells when water leaves the cell in a hypertonic environment, causing the cell membrane to shrink and pull away from the rigid cell wall.
Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
The cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (the fluid) and all the organelles suspended within it.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria) is the site of cellular respiration.
Lysosomes act as the recycling center of the animal cell.
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; their DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid.
The cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) provides the energy for most cellular processes.
Matthias Schleiden, a botanist, was one of the key contributors to the Cell Theory.
Diffusion is the simplest form of passive transport.
The answer should list the three core tenets that define the Cell Theory, as established by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow.
A complete answer must identify the cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole as unique to plant cells and describe the primary function of each of these three organelles.
The answer must correctly define both transport types based on energy use and concentration gradient. It should also provide at least one valid example for each, such as osmosis for passive and a protein pump for active.
The ideal answer follows the correct sequence of organelles in the endomembrane system (Ribosome on RER -> RER -> Golgi -> Vesicle -> Membrane) and accurately describes the function of each step in producing and exporting a protein.